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Oxo Chemicals

Chemical Economics Handbook

Published August 2021

The oxo process or hydroformylation of olefins with synthesis gas is the principal route to C3-C15 aldehydes, which are converted to alcohols, acids, or other derivatives. By far the most important oxo chemical is nbutyraldehyde, followed by C6-C13 aldehydes for plasticizer alcohols, isobutyraldehyde, propionaldehyde, valeraldehyde, and C12-C18 aldehydes for detergent alcohols.

Propylene-derived n-butyraldehyde and isobutyraldehyde accounted for approximately 77% of the world consumption of oxo chemicals in 2021. High consumption volumes for both of the alcohol derivatives of nbutyraldehyde— n-butanol and 2-ethylhexanol (2-EH)—will continue in the near future, largely owing to increased consumption of both alcohols in acrylate esters, acetate esters, and plasticizers. 2-EH and n-butanol continue to account for the majority of plasticizer alcohols consumption, combining for three-quarters of the global total.

The following pie chart shows world consumption of oxo chemicals:

Asia, Europe, and North America are the largest markets for oxo chemicals, together accounting for 95% of world demand in 2021. Oxo chemicals demand in mainland China is expected to grow relatively well, albeit at a slower growth rate than in previous years. Other Asian consumption, excluding mainland China and Japan, is also expected to grow well; India and Malaysia are the main growth markets in this region. Demand for oxo chemicals in the United States is expected to grow modestly during 2021–26. Western European consumption of oxo chemicals is forecast to also grow modestly, as will Japanese consumption.

By far, most oxo aldehydes are hydrogenated to alcohols. The large majority of the world consumption of nbutyraldehyde is converted to 2-EH and n-butanol, while all of the detergent and C7-C13 plasticizer oxo aldehydes are converted to their corresponding alcohols. Other oxo chemicals, including propionaldehyde, valeraldehyde, and isobutyraldehyde, have more varied applications. As a result, demand for oxo chemicals is strongly dependent on demand for C4-C13 plasticizer alcohols. Consumption of plasticizer alcohols, especially C7-C13 alcohols, depends greatly on demand for plasticizers and flexible PVC. Growth in the world consumption of plasticizer alcohols for plasticizers is forecast at 3.2% annually during the next few years. Solvent/coating applications are the largest end use for C4-C5 alcohols; this includes direct solvent use and derivative solvent use, mainly as acetates, glycol ethers, and acrylates.

World demand for 2-EH is still dependent on plasticizers production including nonphthalate dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP) plasticizer production and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) production. Global growth in DOTP as a substitute plasticizer for DEHP will continue to support 2-EH growth worldwide. In some regions, including the United States, Asia, and Western Europe, 2-EH consumption is also dependent on the production of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate.

Other plasticizer alcohols such as isononyl alcohol (INA) and 2-propylheptanol (2-PH) will also continue to grow as plasticizers derived from these alcohols (such as hydrogenated phthalates, DINP, and DPHP) will compete and substitute with traditional plasticizers. 2-PH is derived from valeraldehyde.

Oxo chemicals are not at risk of substitution by competing products; most consumption shifts in the major derivative, plasticizer alcohols, occur among different plasticizer alcohol types derived via the oxo process.

Plasticizers are the largest market for plasticizer alcohols in most regions; acrylate/methacrylate and acetate esters are also large-volume applications for plasticizer alcohols in many regions.

Overall, world consumption of oxo chemicals will grow at an average annual rate of just over 3%.

For more detailed information, see the table of contents, shown below.

S&P Global’s Chemical Economics Handbook – Oxo Chemicals is the comprehensive and trusted guide for anyone seeking information on this industry. This latest report details global and regional information, including

Key benefits

S&P Global’s Chemical Economics Handbook – Oxo Chemicals has been compiled using primary interviews with key suppliers and organizations, and leading representatives from the industry in combination with S&P Global’s unparalleled access to upstream and downstream market intelligence and expert insights into industry dynamics, trade, and economics.

This report can help you

  • Identify trends and driving forces influencing chemical markets
  • Forecast and plan for future demand
  • Understand the impact of competing materials
  • Identify and evaluate potential customers and competitors
  • Evaluate producers
  • Track changing prices and trade movements
  • Analyze the impact of feedstocks, regulations, and other factors on chemical profitability

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Table of Contents

Section Page Number

Executive summary 8
Summary 9
Introduction 16
Manufacturing processes 18
Propionaldehyde 18
Butyraldehydes 18
Cobalt hydrocarbonyl catalyst 19
Phosphine-modified cobalt catalyst 19
Rhodium catalyst 19
Valeraldehydes 19
Higher aldehydes and alcohols 20
Carboxylic acids 20
Oxo acids (derived from C6 and higher aldehydes) 20
Neo acids 20
Supply and demand by region 22
United States 22
Producing companies 22
BASF 23
Dow 23
Eastman 23
ExxonMobil 24
OQ Chemicals 24
Shell 24
Production 26
Consumption 26
Propionaldehyde 27
n-Propanol 28
Propionic acid 31
Trimethylolethane 32
Dimethylolpropionic acid 33
Other 33
n-Butyraldehyde 34
n-Butanol 34
2-Ethylhexanol 35
Trimethylolpropane 36
2-Ethylhexanoic acid 37
Polyvinyl butyral 38
Methyl n-amyl ketone 39
n-Butyric acid 39
Other 40
Isobutyraldehyde 40
Condensation/esterification products 41
Isobutanol 42
Neopentyl glycol 43
Isobutyric acid 45
Isobutyl acetate 46
Isobutylidene diurea 46
Methyl isoamyl ketone 46
Other 47
Valeraldehyde 47
2-Propylheptanol 48
Amyl alcohol 49
Valeric acid 50
Heptanoic and pelargonic acids (C7-C9 oxo acids) 51
Branched oxo acids 53
Neo acids 53
Neodecanoic acid 54
Neopentanoic acid 55
Neononanoic acid 56
C7-C13 plasticizer oxo alcohols 56
Detergent oxo alcohols 57
Price 57
Trade 58
Canada 60
Consumption 60
Trade 60
Mexico 62
Consumption 62
Trade 62
Central and South America 63
Producing companies 63
Salient statistics 64
Consumption 64
Western Europe 65
Producing companies 65
Production 68
Consumption 69
Propionaldehyde 70
Propionic acid 71
n-Propanol 71
Other 71
n-Butyraldehyde 71
n-Butanol and 2-ethylhexanol (2-EH) 72
2-Ethylhexanoic and n-butyric acids 73
Trimethylolpropane 74
Polyvinyl butyral 75
Other 75
Isobutyraldehyde 76
Isobutanol 76
Neopentyl glycol 77
Isobutylidene diurea 77
Isobutyric acid and DL-pantolactone 77
Valeraldehyde 77
2-Propylheptanol 78
Amyl alcohol 79
Valeric acid 79
Heptanoic and pelargonic acids (C7-C9 oxo acids) 79
Branched oxo acids 80
Neo acids 81
Neodecanoic acid 81
Neopentanoic acid 82
C7-C13 plasticizer oxo alcohols 82
Detergent oxo alcohols 83
Price 84
Trade 84
Imports 84
Exports 85
Central Europe 86
Producing companies 86
Salient statistics 86
Consumption 87
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 87
Producing companies 87
Salient statistics 88
Consumption 88
Middle East 89
Producing companies 89
Salient statistics 90
Consumption 90
Africa 91
Producing companies 91
Salient statistics 92
Consumption 92
Indian Subcontinent 93
Producing companies 93
Salient statistics 94
Consumption 95
n-Butyraldehyde 96
Isobutyraldehyde 97
Other 97
Mainland China 97
Producing companies 97
Salient statistics 102
Consumption 103
Propionaldehyde 104
n-Propanol 104
n-Propionic acid 105
TME 105
n-Butyraldehyde 105
2-Ethylhexanol 106
n-Butanol 106
Trimethylolpropane 106
Polyvinyl butyral resin (PVB) 107
Isobutyraldehyde 107
Isobutanol 107
Neopentyl glycol 108
Other 108
Valeraldehyde 108
C7-C13 plasticizer oxo alcohols 109
Other 109
Trade 109
Japan 110
Producing companies 110
Production 111
Consumption 112
Propionaldehyde 113
n-Butyraldehyde 114
2-Ethylhexanol 115
n-Butanol 115
Polyvinyl butyral 116
Trimethylolpropane 116
Other 117
Isobutyraldehyde 118
Neopentyl glycol 119
Isobutanol 119
Isobutylidene diurea 119
DL-pantolactone 119
Other 120
Valeraldehyde 120
Heptanoic and pelargonic acids (C7-C9 oxo acids) 120
Branched oxo acids 120
Neo acids 120
C6-C13 plasticizer oxo alcohols 120
Detergent oxo alcohols 121
Price 121
Trade 122
Other Northeast Asia 123
Producing companies 123
Salient statistics 124
Consumption 125
n-Butyraldehyde 127
Isobutyraldehyde 128
C7-C13 plasticizer oxo alcohols 128
Southeast Asia 128
Producing companies 128
Salient statistics 130
Consumption 130
n-Butyraldehyde 132
Isobutyraldehyde 133
C7-C13 plasticizer oxo alcohols 133
Oceania 133
Additional resources 135
Revisions 137
Data Workbook 138
Notice 139

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