Introduction

The representation of S&P 100^® companies in the S&P 500^® has grown over the past two decades: the blue-chip subset of The 500™ accounted for 70% of the large-cap U.S. equity benchmark's weight at the end of June 2025, up from 45% at the end of 1998. However, market participants may find it beneficial not to overlook the "other 400" members of the S&P 500, as measured by the S&P 500 Ex-S&P 100 Select Index.

Size: A USD 15 Trillion Market in Its Own Right

The S&P 500 Ex-S&P 100 Select Index measures the performance of S&P 500 companies that are not members of the S&P 100. Far from a niche slice of the U.S. equity market, this segment represents more than USD 15 trillion in market capitalization—larger than the equities markets of Japan, the U.K. or Canada, and many times the size of the S&P MidCap 400^® or S&P SmallCap 600^®. Hence, overlooking the other 400 names in The 500 risks missing a substantial share of the global equity opportunity set.

Sectors: Diversification beyond Mega-Cap Tech

The S&P 500 Ex-S&P 100 Select Index focuses on diversification beyond the blue-chip exposure of the S&P 100, offering broader sector representation and a more balanced perspective on the drivers of large-cap U.S. equity performance.

Exhibit 3 shows that the S&P 500 Ex-S&P 100 Select Index had more balanced sector weights compared to the S&P 100 at the end of June 2025. For example, the index had a lower weight in Information Technology and Communication Services and a much greater weight in Industrials, Real Estate and Utilities.

The difference in sector composition was not just a recent phenomenon: Exhibit 4 shows that the S&P 100 and the S&P 500 Ex-S&P 100 Select Index have had distinct sector weights since the 1990s. While the S&P 100 became increasingly dominated by Information Technology and Communication Services, the S&P 500 Ex-S&P 100 Select Index consistently showed broader representation across GICS^® sectors (see Exhibit 4).

Conclusion

The S&P 500 Ex-S&P 100 Select Index shines a light on the "other 400" large-cap U.S. companies often overlooked by mega-cap dominance. With a market size rivaling that of many countries' equity markets, and sector weights that broaden perspectives on the drivers of performance, the S&P 500 Ex-S&P 100 Select Index could serve as a complementary lens on U.S. large-cap equities.

The posts on this blog are opinions, not advice. Please read our Disclaimers.

Two decades ago, crypto didn't exist, and even a decade ago, it was still an emergent asset class. In the last few years, crypto has increased in maturity, crossing USD 1 trillion in market capitalization in 2021 and currently sitting at USD 3.5 trillion at the end of July 2025 based on the S&P Cryptocurrency Broad Digital Asset (BDA) Index. Its increased size is not the only indicator of its increasing maturity; market participants have been offered additional tools to help in their asset allocation decisions with a growing network of associated exchange-traded products, such as futures, options, ETFs and other wrappers. The crypto product ecosystem is expected to continue growing, with a robust pipeline of ETF filings globally. In addition, a shift in the global regulatory landscape for DeFi-related products is helping to create a framework for market participants in this asset class.

Crypto ETF filings followed a similar path as the underlying cryptocurrencies, with Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH) representing the first spot ETF filings. Bitcoin launched in 2009 as the first cryptocurrency and Ethereum launched in 2015, ushering in a second wave of crypto innovation introducing smart contracts and decentralized apps. It is not surprising that early ETF filings across various regions followed the same path, shown in Exhibit 2. In 2025, there is a growing list of single coin ETPs on a multitude of other coins outside of the mega-caps of BTC and ETH (S&P Cryptocurrency MegaCap Index) with other large-cap coins like Solana and Cardano (which are included in the S&P Cryptocurrency LargeCap Index) expected to have their own ETFs in the U.S., and XRP being recently approved in the U.S.. Recent changes to Crypto ETP SEC Filing guidelines on Sept. 17, 2025, may potentially pave the way for more crypto spot ETFs according to Reuters.

Looking further into ETF data in Exhibit 3, according to ETFGI,¹ there were only two digital asset ETPs in 2015, but there are now over 300 products as of July 2025, with a collective AUM of 220 USD billion, a figure that was only at 3 USD billion in 2020. This exponential rate of growth shows the heightened demand for crypto-related products.

Over the past two years, it's not just the number, but the variety of crypto-focused ETFs that has expanded dramatically. While single-coin ETF products based on Bitcoin and Ethereum led the adoption of cryptocurrency, we are also starting to see multi-coin, diversified "crypto basket" products looking at the top 5 and 10 largest crypto assets. The start of non-market-cap-weighted products and capping on the largest coins like Bitcoin and Ethereum has also been a recent trend, with indices and products applying principles of diversification from traditional finance. Crypto is also being increasingly thought of as a diversifier in asset allocation decisions with the launch of more multi-asset strategies that combine crypto with traditional asset classes such as equities and commodities.

However, the journey to get there hasn't been smooth. The resilience of the AUM growth is even more impressive against the backdrop of the crypto drawdowns at the start of 2025, which was marred by uncertainty and risk-off undertones due to geopolitical tension, tariffs and concerns around whether U.S. exceptionalism would hold. At the end of March, the S&P GSCI Gold was in positive territory, sporting a return of 18%, whereas the S&P Bitcoin Index, S&P Cryptocurrency MegaCap Index and S&P Ethereum Index were down 12%, 18% and 45%, respectively, in Q1 2025 and had an even more severe drawdown compared to their peak.

Despite this market turbulence, the largest cryptocurrencies have shown resilience, with Bitcoin and Ethereum nearing all-time highs as of July 2025. However, there remains some underperformance, with smaller coins still lagging.

While crypto remains a highly volatile asset class, its increased institutional adoption is expected to continue, with highly anticipated regulatory milestones expected to be a key part of shaping crypto for years to come. Regulatory developments, like the GENIUS Act and Clarity Act in the U.S. and MiCA in Europe, as well as expected changes in APAC adoption, could be determinants of where crypto goes next.

¹"ETFGI reports Crypto ETFs listed globally gathered 3.69 billion US dollars of net inflows in April." ETFGI. May 30, 2025.

The posts on this blog are opinions, not advice. Please read our Disclaimers.

As financial markets respond to the ongoing energy transition, market participants are exploring ways to address the related risks and opportunities. Indices can provide insights to these factors. In this context, the S&P Global Carbon Credit Index, which turned six years old on July 25, 2025, emerges as a potential tool for enhancing diversification and to help understand the performance of underlying carbon credit markets.¹

The S&P Global Carbon Credit Index tracks the most liquid segment of the tradable carbon credit futures markets, including futures contracts on European Union Allowances, U.K. Allowances, California Carbon Allowances and the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative and Washington Carbon Allowances (WCA), with pricing data from ICE Futures Pricing.

Exhibit 1 presents a correlation matrix that uses five-trading-day rolling returns to compare the S&P Global Carbon Credit Index with indices such as the S&P/IFCI Composite, iBoxx $ Liquid High Yield Index, iBoxx $ Liquid Investment Grade Index, S&P Listed Private Equity Index, S&P 500^® and S&P United States REIT, covering the period from July 25, 2019, to July 25, 2025. The results of this analysis show that the S&P Global Carbon Credit Index exhibited a low correlation with these traditional indices, particularly with the iBoxx $ Liquid Investment Grade Index and iBoxx $ Liquid High Yield Index, with correlation values of 0.23 and 0.36, respectively.

To evaluate the potential diversification characteristics of the S&P Global Carbon Credit Index, we explored 13 hypothetical compositions, as illustrated in Exhibit 2. Starting with Composition 1, which contained only indices #2 to #7 in Exhibit 1, we examined the hypothetical impact of adding weight to the S&P Global Carbon Credit Index in 5% increments, with the remaining composition weights retaining their original relative proportions. As a result, we rebalanced each composition by proportionately decreasing the weight of the other indices, ensuring they retained their initial allocation ratios from Composition 1 in all subsequent compositions, while excluding the weight of the S&P Global Carbon Credit Index. For example, in Composition 1, the S&P 500 represents 25% of the composition. In Composition 2, with the addition of the S&P Global Carbon Credit Index at 5%, the weight of the S&P 500 is adjusted to 23.75%, reflecting 25% of 95% of the total composition.

Next, we calculated the performance for each hypothetical composition (assuming a daily rebalance to the target weights) for the period from July 25, 2019, to July 25, 2025. The resulting annualized returns, annualized volatilities and corresponding return/risk ratios are summarized in Exhibits 3 and 4.

The results of this assessment were revealing. Composition 1 began with an annualized volatility of 15.17%, resulting in a return/risk ratio of 49.07%. As the weight of the S&P Global Carbon Credit Index increased, both the return/risk ratio improved and the annualized return increased. This trend peaked in Composition 9, which recorded values of 59.96% for the return/risk ratio and 10.04% for the annualized return, associated with a 40% weight to the S&P Global Carbon Credit Index.

However, beyond Composition 9, as the weights in the S&P Global Carbon Index grew larger, volatility began to increase, while the return/risk ratio declined.

Accordingly, we may conclude that over its live history, carefully considered tilts to the S&P Global Carbon Credit Index could have led to enhanced risk-adjusted performance. Moreover, due to its historically low correlation with other traditional asset class benchmarks, the S&P Global Carbon Credit Index may provide the basis for a strategic diversification of traditional market risks as they evolve, while simultaneously serving as a mechanism for addressing emissions exposure and mitigating the potential risks associated with the energy transition.

The author would like to thank Maya Beyhan for her continued mentorship and contributions to this blog.

¹ For more details on how carbon credit futures can help mitigate emission exposures and energy transition risks, see Beyhan, Maya, and Kennedy, William, "The role of indexes in the energy transition," S&P Global, March 4, 2025.

The posts on this blog are opinions, not advice. Please read our Disclaimers.

For over 20 years, the S&P Indices versus Active (SPIVA^®) U.S. Scorecard has assessed how active mutual fund managers perform against their relevant S&P Dow Jones Indices benchmarks across various timeframes and asset classes. The scorecard's methodology was enhanced in 2015 to include institutional accounts and was further extended in 2023 to include separately managed wrap accounts (SMAs), which have an annual fee structure that bundles (or wraps) all the administrative, commission and management expenses for the account.

Wrap accounts differ from institutionally focused separate accounts in that they allow smaller market participants to access professional portfolio managers, which were once only available to large institutional investors.¹ The SPIVA Institutional Scorecard is important because it facilitates comparisons between institutional and SMA/wrap accounts on a gross-of-fees basis, eliminating any possibility that fees are the sole contributor to a given manager's underperformance.

Exhibit 1 demonstrates that 55% of equity SMAs/wrap accounts underperformed their benchmarks in 2024, down 5% from 2023. This difference was more pronounced in fixed income, where only 32% of SMAs/wrap accounts underperformed in 2024 but over 65% underperformed in the year prior. Nevertheless, and consistent with past SPIVA research, rates of underperformance for equities and fixed income increased over longer measurement periods. 80% of equity accounts and 57% of fixed income accounts failed to outperform their respective benchmarks over a 10-year period.

Active performance varied considerably by market capitalization. 67% of All Large-Cap SMA/wrap managers underperformed the S&P 500^® in 2024, generally consistent with their institutional mutual fund peers. Small-cap managers fared better, with only 19% underperforming their respective benchmarks in 2024, outpacing the 30% underperformance rate in 2023. Managers were perhaps aided by style bias opportunities to tilt toward outperforming large-cap stocks. Last year, The 500™ outpaced the S&P MidCap 400^® and S&P SmallCap 600^® by 11.1% and 16.3%, respectively.

Turning to fixed income SMA/wrap performance, Exhibit 3 shows that U.S. Aggregate and Core accounts delivered majority outperformance, with only 11% and 13% of accounts failing to outperform their benchmarks, respectively, which was an improvement over their institutional peers. However, Municipal accounts may have had a tougher time, with more than half underperforming the S&P National AMT-Free Municipal Bond Index.

Beating the benchmark can be a challenge regardless of investment vehicle, and SMAs/Wrap accounts are no exception. For a more complete analysis of performance across segregated institutional and SMAs/wrap accounts, we invite you to read our full 2024 SPIVA Institutional Scorecard.

¹ Comprehensive definitions for SMAs can be found in the eVestment Alliance Glossary of Terms.

The posts on this blog are opinions, not advice. Please read our Disclaimers.

To indicize means to provide, in passive form, a strategy formerly available only via active management. Until the early 1970s, there were no index funds; all assets were managed actively. The shift of assets from active to passive management is one of the most important trends in modern financial history. Our recent Annual Survey of Indexed Assets shows assets tracking the S&P 500^® amounted to USD 13 trillion as of December 2024.¹

One of the reasons for the popularity of indexing is its low cost relative to active management. As indexing has grown, investors have benefited substantially by saving on fees. We can estimate the fee savings by multiplying the difference between the average expense ratios of active and index equity mutual funds² by the total value of indexed assets for The 500™, the S&P MidCap 400^® and the S&P SmallCap 600^®.

When we aggregate the results, we observe that the savings in management fees in 2024 was USD 52 billion (see Exhibit 1), an increase of USD 12 billion from the USD 40 billion in savings observed in 2023. Of course, this USD 52 billion estimate understates the full cost savings of the index industry, since it encompasses indices only from S&P Dow Jones Indices (and not even all of those).

Obviously, the cost savings generated by the shift from active to passive management would be inconsequential if market participants lost more in performance shortfalls than they gained in reduced fees. However, as readers of our SPIVA^® reports are well aware, that's decidedly not the case: most active managers have underperformed most of the time. Looking across our more than 24 years of history, large-cap active managers posted majority outperformance in only three years. Long-term underperformance has been even worse, with 91% of all large-cap U.S. managers lagging The 500 over the 20 years ending in June 2025. The rise of passive management has been a notable consequence of active performance shortfalls.

The lives of active managers have been further challenged by the indicization of markets, as the movement of assets to passive alternatives can cause the least capable active managers to lose the most assets and the quality of the surviving active managers to rise. As a result, the competition for outperformance becomes tougher,³ consequently raising the bar for surviving managers.

Advances in passive management have made it easier for investors to access efficient and inexpensive strategies spanning across the capitalization spectrum, geographies, sectors, factors and themes, compounding the benefits for numerous market participants globally.

¹ S&P Dow Jones Indices Annual Survey of Assets. S&P Dow Jones Indices, 2024

² See Ellis, Charles D., "The Loser's Game," The Financial Analysts Journal, Vol. 31, No.4, Jul/August 1975, pp. 19-26. New York: Financial Analysts Federation.

³ Expense ratios sourced from Investment Company Institute, 2025 Investment Company Fact Book.

The posts on this blog are opinions, not advice. Please read our Disclaimers.