Index Finder
IN THIS LIST

TalkingPoints: The S&P 500® Sector-Neutral FCF Index — Why Free Cash Flow is King

TalkingPoints: Tracking Covered Calls in the Australian Stock Market

Introducing the S&P/ASX 200 High Dividend Index

A Deep Dive into Sustainability Sector Indices

TalkingPoints: S&P Dividend Monarchs Index

TalkingPoints: The S&P 500® Sector-Neutral FCF Index — Why Free Cash Flow is King

Contributor Image
Rupert Watts

Head of Factors and Dividends, Product Management

S&P Dow Jones Indices

Contributor Image
George Valantasis

Associate Director, Factors and Dividends

S&P Dow Jones Indices

While there are many metrics that can be used to evaluate the value of a company, free cash flow (FCF) is particularly useful when it comes to assessing financial health. FCF is the excess cash generated by a company after accounting for the cost of operations and capital expenditures. FCF may offer a clearer picture of a company’s profitability, since it is more difficult to manipulate than other measures such as net income.

Importantly, companies with plenty of FCF have the flexibility to pay cash dividends, buy back stock, pay down debt and pursue growth opportunities—all important undertakings from an investor's perspective.

The S&P 500 Sector-Neutral FCF Index is designed to track companies within the S&P 500 that exhibit high FCF yield relative to other companies within the same GICS® sector. By focusing on FCF yield, the index measures companies’ FCF generation relative to their value. Hence, it provides a means to track companies generating attractive levels of FCF that may be undervalued.

1. What is FCF?

Free Cash Flow = Net Cash from Operating Activities minus Capital Expenditures

FCF represents the amount of cash generated by a business (i.e., operating cash flow) over a given period after accounting for cash outflows to support operations and to maintain capital assets. Simply put, it is the excess cash that a company generates after accounting for the expenses to run the business.

2. Why is FCF an important metric for assessing a company?

FCF offers a deeper understanding into the financial health of a company, since it shows the amount of cash that a company receives after meeting its obligations. A company with ample FCF has the flexibility to increase shareholder value through strategic investments and acquisitions. Furthermore, FCF can be used to increase shareholder yield via cash dividends, buybacks and paying down of debt.

Companies producing plenty of FCF tend to be higher quality and may be better positioned to weather periods of market stress, as shown historically. Furthermore, in today’s environment of high interest rates, having a healthy cash flow has become particularly important since it reduces a company’s reliance on debt markets to finance business operations.

3. What potential improvements does FCF offer over other measures of profitability such as net income?

FCF differs from net income, which is used to calculate other popular valuation metrics such as the price-to-earnings ratio, since it focuses solely on cash transactions and is thus harder to manipulate. Under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and accrual accounting, management is afforded more flexibility when recording sales and expenses. While FCF can still be manipulated (albeit to a lesser degree), it measures the exact amount of excess cash that was generated by the company in a given period. This is important because the capital returned via dividends or buybacks can only be funded with cash and not an accounting term such as “net income.”

pdf-icon PD F Download Full Article

TalkingPoints: Tracking Covered Calls in the Australian Stock Market

Contributor Image
Parth Shah

Director, Derivative Indices

S&P Dow Jones Indices

The term covered call refers to an option strategy in which the investor selling call options owns an equivalent amount of the underlying security. To execute a covered call, the investor holds an underlying position on individual stock(s) or an index-like position. In addition, the investor seeks to supplement their return by systematically selling calls against their long position(s) and collecting option premium.

A covered call strategy essentially is intended to transform a “growth” position (i.e., a long stock) to a “growth and income” play. The potential for larger gains longer term is in effect swapped out for immediate income. A systematic covered call strategy may contribute to consistent income generation especially during low volatility periods.

1. What is the S&P/ASX Buywrite Index

The S&P/ASX Buywrite Index is designed to measure the performance of a theoretical covered call strategy that is rebalanced quarterly and comprises a short position in the at-the-money (ATM) call option on the S&P/ASX 200 and a long position on the S&P/ASX 200.

2. What is a covered call strategy, and how does it work?

A covered call (or buy-write) strategy aims to generate income and mitigate loss, particularly in bear market conditions. Specifically, this strategy involves selling a call option against an underlying asset that is already owned by the option writer. If the asset’s market price exceeds the contract’s strike price at expiration, the call writer would be obligated to sell the underlying asset at the option strike price to the option buyer. If the strike price is not met, the option writer maintains control of the asset. Either way, the option writer generates income from selling the call contract — this is known as the “option premium.”

3. What are the potential advantages of this type of strategy?

The main potential benefit of this strategy is the income generation from accumulating call option premiums. One factor that affects these premiums is the “option moneyness” — that is whether the option contract is “in the money” (ITM), “out of the money” (OTM) or “at the money” (ATM). An OTM call has a strike price that is above the current market price. An ATM call has a strike price that is equal to the current market price of the asset — this generates a higher premium, as there is a greater chance that the option will be exercised at this price. These premiums offer supplemental income to traditional sources like dividends and fixed income. This income can be distributed or reinvested into the underlying asset to mitigate against losses in a bear market.

4. What are the potential disadvantages of this strategy?

A drawback of the covered call strategy occurs if a call option is ITM, in which case the option writer would miss out on any gains that the asset may achieve beyond the strike. The option seller would be forced to sell the asset at this lower price, therefore capping the asset’s growth potential. This often occurs during bull markets, as the market price of the underlying asset increases above the option strike price. A long-term covered call strategy may help make up for this by offering income that can be used to reinvest into the asset.

pdf-icon PD F Download Full Article

Introducing the S&P/ASX 200 High Dividend Index

Contributor Image
Izzy Wang

Senior Analyst, Factors and Dividends

S&P Dow Jones Indices

Contributor Image
Jason Ye

Director, Factors and Thematics Indices

S&P Dow Jones Indices

The S&P/ASX 200 High Dividend Index seeks to measure the performance of 50 companies with the highest 12-month forecast dividend yield from the S&P/ASX 200.  From July 2011 to June 2023, the index had an average trailing 12-month dividend yield of 5.6% and an annual excess return of 2.1% compared with the S&P/ASX 200.

The Australian equity market is well known for its high dividend yield and well-cultivated dividend culture.  With over AUD 3.5 billion AUM in exchange-traded products (ETPs), dividend income has become one of the most popular factor strategies in Australia.

However, strategies chasing the highest-yielding stocks could be vulnerable to “dividend traps.”  High dividend yield may come from decreasing stock prices rather than increasing dividend payments.  In addition, selecting stocks based on historical dividend payments may not reflect a company’s prospects.

The S&P/ASX 200 High Dividend Index seeks to mitigate common risks faced by high dividend yield strategies using two tactics.  First, it applies momentum screens.  Excluding stocks with low price momentum could avoid high-yield stocks driven by deteriorating prices, thus may help to eliminate the dividend trap.  Second, it uses forecast dividend data.  Selecting stocks based on 12-month forecast dividend data that is forward-looking may help to reflect the latest market expectations on a company’s future dividend payments.

Over the nearly 12-year back-tested period, the S&P/ASX 200 High Dividend Index has shown significant outperformance, with higher dividend yield and cheaper valuation than the broad market benchmark.  For market participants seeking high yield and diversification benefits, the S&P/ASX 200 High Dividend Index could help to complement broad market allocation as well.

Index Construction

First, starting from the S&P/ASX 200 universe, all A-REITs and stocks without a positive 12-month forecast dividend yield are excluded.  Second, eligible stocks ranked in the bottom 10% by momentum value are screened out.  Finally, the 50 constituents with the highest 12-month forecast dividend yield are selected.

To balance between the index yield and index capacity, the 50 selected names are weighted by the product of the 12-month forecast dividend yield and the float market capitalization.  To avoid stock concentration risk, the weight of each stock within the index is capped at a minimum of 10% or five times the stock’s weight in the index universe.  In terms of sector diversification, each sector can have maximum of 15 stocks, and its weight cannot exceed the sector weight in the index universe plus 10%.  The index is rebalanced semiannually in January and July.

Index Construction: Exhibit 1

pdf-icon PD F Download Full Article

A Deep Dive into Sustainability Sector Indices

Contributor Image
Stephanie Rowton

Director, Head of Sustainability Indices EMEA

S&P Dow Jones Indices

Introduction

Investing in sectors has grown dramatically over recent years, as investors look to express a view on the broader economic conditions while maintaining diversification and mitigating single-stock risk.  Additionally, there has been an increase in market participants looking to allocate strategically to sustainability.  Many are starting to look for ways to integrate sustainability values into their investments through more precise tools such as sector allocation. S&P Dow Jones Indices (S&P DJI) has introduced a suite of sustainability sector indices, including the S&P ESG Enhanced Sector Indices and S&P Sustainability Enhanced Sector Indices, to meet this need.  By utilizing S&P DJI ESG Scores, business activity exclusions, UN Global Compact (UNGC) exclusions, daily controversy monitoring and S&P Global Trucost carbon data, our sustainability sector indices have historically offered a meaningful improvement in ESG profile and carbon emissions profile against their non-ESG underlying index.

A Deep Dive into Sustainability Sector Indices: Exhibit 1

S&P DJI ESG Scores

The S&P DJI ESG Scores are derived from over 22 years of detailed sustainability data from the industry leading sustainability assessment, the S&P Global Corporate Sustainability Assessment (CSA).  The CSA is an annual evaluation of companies’ sustainability practices.  A key feature of the CSA is that, through optional active participation in the assessment, companies can disclose additional details to our analysts beyond what is publicly available.  This engagement opportunity, coupled with the granularity of the CSA, enables S&P Global to provide a holistic and complete view of a company’s sustainability profile; differentiating the S&P DJI ESG Scores from other ESG scores that rely solely on data from public sources.  A company’s active participation in the CSA allows S&P Global to collect between 600 and 1,000 data points per company, which feed into the S&P DJI ESG Scores (see Exhibit 2).

A Deep Dive into Sustainability Sector Indices: Exhibit 2

The CSA and the derived S&P DJI ESG Scores are driven by materiality analysis considering both financial materiality and how sustainability criteria present a significant impact on society or the environment.  Material sustainability criteria have the potential to significantly influence an entity's business value drivers, including, for example, business operations, cash flows, legal or regulatory liabilities and access to capital.  Furthermore, sustainability criteria have the capability to significantly improve or undermine an entity’s reputation and relationships with key stakeholders and society, including the environment.  Therefore, companies are assessed according to the sustainability issues that are weighted according to the magnitude and likelihood of their impact on enterprise value creation and external stakeholders, including the economy, the environment and people.  Collecting and scoring data according to these factors ensures that companies have been measured based on the sustainability issues that are most relevant to them.  The examples in Exhibit 3 show how weights assigned to issues in different industries can vary greatly.

pdf-icon PD F Download Full Article

TalkingPoints: S&P Dividend Monarchs Index

Contributor Image
Jason Ye

Director, Factors and Thematics Indices

S&P Dow Jones Indices

Contributor Image
Izzy Wang

Senior Analyst, Factors and Dividends

S&P Dow Jones Indices

The S&P Dividend Monarchs Index is designed to track long-standing companies in the U.S. market that have consecutively increased dividends for at least 50 years. The S&P Dividend Monarchs Index constituents have endured more than a half a century’s market turbulence and demonstrated resilience in dividend growth and stock performance. As a new generation from the flagship S&P Dividend Aristocrats® Index Series, the S&P Dividend Monarchs Index constituents push the threshold of being an elite group of dividend-paying companies to the next level.

  1. Why was the index introduced?

As a leading dividend index provider, S&P Dow Jones Indices pioneered in developing a dividend growth strategy. Since the early 1980s, our research team started to monitor U.S. companies that increased dividends for at least 10 years. In the early 2000s, as more companies were able to consecutively increase dividend payments, we raised the observation list threshold to 25 years, which then became the initial basket of “U.S. Dividend Aristocrats.” In May 2005, the S&P 500® Dividend Aristocrats was officially launched, which soon became one of the most well-recognized dividend growth strategies in the market. Since then, we have extended the S&P Dividend Aristocrats Series to cover the mid- and small-cap universes and other global markets. As of April 2023, more than USD 40 billion of ETF assets were tracking the S&P Dividend Aristocrats Indices.

Fast forward to 2023, almost 20 years since the launch of the S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats, we found that the number of companies in the index had grown from 57 to 66.  In the past five years, we have noticed a growing number of companies consecutively increasing dividends for more than 50 years (see Exhibit 1), these companies exist not only in the large cap (the S&P 500) but also in the mid- and small-cap universes (the S&P MidCap 400® and the S&P SmallCap 600®). In January 2023, more than 30 companies from the S&P Composite 1500 had increased their dividends for at least 50 years. This created a diversified basket of stocks for a new index concept, prompting the introduction of the S&P Dividend Monarchs Index.

Talking Points: S&P Dividend Monarchs Index: Exhibit 1

pdf-icon PD F Download Full Article
Processing ...