Around the world, regulations are changing as governments and automakers look to improve fuel economy and eliminate carbon emissions. Most recently, a 55% EU economy-wide carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission reduction from the 1990 level is targeted by 2030. Mainland China, currently the world's leading CO₂ emitting country, also pledged in 2020 to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. As an interim target, mainland China pledged a 20% reduction from carbon peak level by 2035. In February 2021, the United States rejoined the Paris Agreement; achieving carbon net-zero by 2050 is in the Biden administration's climate plan. All these goals have major implications for the automotive sector. Fill out the form at right and get all access to all our whitepapers. As new whitepapers will be sent directly to your email box as they become available.

• Battery Pack Costs Rise for Battery Electric Vehicles (July 2022)
  Russia's invasion of Ukraine has caused prices of nickel, lithium, and other materials to soar, compounding the pain of the global chip shortage and other supply chain woes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this paper is to describe the trend of changing battery chemistries and battery pack cost forecast till 2030 under the foreseen raw material prices trend.
• Battery Cost Trends in the European Union and Mainland China (July 2021)
  This research addresses a critical topic of cost parity between BEVs and ICE: stop/start based on a thorough examination of vehicles with various battery capacities and engine configurations. It also discusses the prospects for the European and mainland China markets, focusing on the rate of electrification.
• Automotive Electrification and Decarbonization: Shifting Toward Net-Zero (July 2021)
  Vehicle electrification is considered to be one of the most effective ways to reduce CO₂ emissions from the transportation sector. This research focuses on the LCA-based CO₂ reduction evaluations from ICE vehicles to BEVs, in the timeframe of 2020 to 2030. Passenger cars are used as example.
• 2030 EU Passenger Car CO₂ Emission Target and Impacts Under the Green Deal (December 2020)
  Passenger car electrifications for fleet CO₂ reduction is considered an important pathway leading to the Green Deal objective. But what are the gaps to comply in 2030, how much electrification is needed to meet the 2030 target, and at what level of investments will such movements incur? In this report we review three scenarios for the 2030 passenger car CO₂ emission target: (1) 37.5% reduction from 2021 based on current legislation, (2) 50% reduction based on the Impact Assessment of 2030 Climate Target Plan, and (3) 55% reduction based on a recent EU voting result towards 60% GHG reduction by 2030 from the 1990 level.
• CO₂ Compliance and Investments for EU Passenger Car Manufacturers (November 2020)
  What is the current cost burden of European car manufacturers that will enable them to meet 2025 Europe CO2 compliance? Are the investments adequate to protect 2030 CO2 compliance as well? This report provides details on key measures to reduce CO₂ along with an emphasis on resulting incremental powertrain cost.
• CO₂ Compliance Status of EU Passenger Car Manufacturers (October 2020)
  What do EU28 car manufacturers' positions look like in terms of CO2 emissions targets what is the likeliness of fine avoidance? This report clarifies how the European CO2 emission legislation applies to passenger vehicles in 2020 and evaluates what legislative facilities are available to assist manufacturers to define their CO2 status.
• Is COVID-19 Impact and SAFE Rule an Enabler on Investment Reduction to Meet Regulation? (October 2020)
  Will the SAFE rule which reduced regulatory targets, along with the impact of Covid-19, allow for a powertrain investment reduction in the United States? This paper focuses on the impact of COVID-19 and implementation of SAFE rule, with a nearly exclusive focus on change in market size for various technologies and change in investments by automotive manufacturers, for passenger cars (PCs) and light-duty trucks (LDTs) combined